Engineering reference for Indian students

Digital & architecture

Computer Architecture

5 self-contained study topics — notes, diagrams, formulas, and worked examples for exams and GATE.

Topics

Instruction Set Architecture
ISA is the programmer-visible contract defining instructions, registers, data types, and addressing.
CPU Organization and Pipeline
Pipelining overlaps instruction phases to improve throughput while keeping stage work balanced.
Memory Hierarchy
Memory hierarchy balances speed, cost, and capacity using locality principles.
Cache Mapping Techniques
Cache mapping determines where each memory block may reside and how conflicts occur.
Input Output Organization
I/O organization coordinates CPU, memory, and peripherals for efficient data transfer.