Engineering reference for Indian students

Thermal & fluids

Fluid Mechanics

5 self-contained study topics — notes, diagrams, formulas, and worked examples for exams and GATE.

Topics

Fluid Properties and Statics
Hydrostatic pressure varies as P = ρgh; the force on a submerged plane is F = ρg·A·h̄ acting at the centre of pressure below the centroid. Viscosity relates shear to strain rate by τ = μ(du/dy), per Modi & Seth.
Bernoulli Equation
$\frac{P}{\rho g} + \frac{V^{2}}{2g} + z = constant$ (Modi & Seth)
Laminar and Turbulent Flow
$Re = \frac{\rho VD}{\mu} = \frac{VD}{\nu}$
Boundary Layer Theory
Near a wall the velocity rises from zero to free-stream across the boundary layer; for a laminar flat plate δ ≈ 5x/√Re_x (Blasius) and C_f = 1.328/√Re_L. Separation occurs under an adverse pressure gradient, per Modi & Seth.
Flow Through Pipes
Frictional head loss in a pipe is Darcy-Weisbach h_f = f(L/D)(V²/2g); fittings add minor losses h_L = K·V²/2g. Total loss combines both, and the pressure drop is ΔP = ρg·h_f, per Modi & Seth.
$Equivalent length: L_{eq} = K\cdot \frac{D}{f} for minor losses$