Web Technologies

HTML structures content, CSS styles it, and JavaScript makes it interactive by manipulating the DOM; CSS specificity resolves conflicting rules and the JavaScript event loop schedules asynchronous callbacks.

Client-server architecture splits an application between clients that request services and servers that provide them over stateless HTTP; scaling and structure come from tiered design, load balancing, and edge caching via CDNs.

REST is an architectural style that models functionality as resources addressed by URIs and manipulated with standard HTTP verbs; correct use of idempotent methods and status codes makes APIs predictable and cacheable.

Modern front-end frameworks build UIs from reusable components whose rendering is driven by state; a virtual DOM computes minimal updates, and unidirectional data flow keeps state changes predictable.

Web security defends against common attacks — XSS (injected scripts), CSRF (forged requests), SQL injection (malicious input) — using output sanitisation, anti-forgery tokens, parameterised queries, and TLS for confidentiality.