Wastewater Treatment

Wastewater characterization quantifies organic load, solids, and biodegradability before selecting treatment processes. BOD, COD, and TSS values form the core design input set for municipal and industrial sewage treatment in India.

Primary treatment removes coarse and settleable matter to protect downstream biological units from overload and abrasion. It includes screening, grit removal, and primary sedimentation based on hydraulic and settling principles.

Biological treatment uses microbial metabolism to remove dissolved and colloidal organic pollutants from wastewater. Activated sludge, trickling filters, and nutrient-removal stages are designed using kinetic and solids-retention concepts.

Sludge treatment stabilizes solids, reduces volume, and enables safe disposal or beneficial reuse. Thickening, digestion, and dewatering are selected to balance cost, odour control, and regulatory compliance.

Advanced treatment upgrades secondary effluent for stricter discharge or reuse by targeting nutrients, pathogens, and dissolved contaminants. It typically combines biological polishing, filtration, disinfection, and membrane systems.