Power Systems

Power generation economics revolve around load factor and capacity factor: a high load factor means the plant is used efficiently, and merit-order dispatch runs the cheapest base-load plants first, peaking plants last.

Line inductance and capacitance depend logarithmically on the spacing-to-radius ratio (using GMD and GMR); these set the surge impedance and hence the surge-impedance loading of a transmission line.

Load flow finds the bus voltages and angles that satisfy the nonlinear power-balance equations; buses are classified as slack, PV (generator) or PQ (load), and Gauss–Seidel or Newton–Raphson iterations solve them.

Fault analysis uses symmetrical components to turn an unbalanced fault into three decoupled sequence networks; the way you interconnect the positive, negative and zero networks depends on the fault type.

Stability asks whether generators stay in synchronism after a disturbance; the swing equation governs the rotor angle δ, and the equal-area criterion decides transient stability without solving it numerically.